Business report-progress report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business report-progress report - Essay Example However, they also come from a generation when parents tended to spend more time with their children. The millenials are also quite different because they grew up during the technology boom. Thus, they tend to have much stronger technological skills than others of previous generations. Charicteristically, they are known to be skeptical and impatient, being both image-driven and expressive. The findings discovered here are consistent with the findings done in primary research, so therefore, the analysis of their characteristics is important to take into consideration. Millennials respond to techniques that allow them to both express themselves and prove themselves. They tend to work faster and multi-task better than those of previous generations. They are also very good at adapting. Therefore, it is important to approach them and allow them to work in situations that allow them to both multitask and to be expressive. Millennials are interested in technological savvy jobs that provide them with upward mobility as well as benefits. Overall, they seem to prefer technological challenging jobs and are interested in career paths that allow them to use their multi tasking abilities. Focus on image is very important when recruiting generation Y. Generation Y is attracted to image, so therefore it is important to use a technological approach that will catch their attention. A general focus on technology with a strong image base will gain their interest; i.e., one can advertise successfully on the Internet with a very catchy visual ad. Effective retention targeting for generation Y includes motivational skills. It is important to motivate these individuals, as sometimes they require a little more â€Å"push† than previous generations, but once given that motivation, they have the skills necessary to be very innovative and productive. In order to promote cross-generational

Chinese Mythology Essay Example for Free

Chinese Mythology Essay Chang-e is the lunar goddess in Chinese traditional myths. In China, she is a widely known character. She is known as a very beautiful woman who is living alone in a palace in the moon called â€Å"Guanghan Palace†. Her story is one of the most famous tragedies in Chinese myths. Recently there are several â€Å"retold† versions of the story of Chang-e’s ascent to the moon in different media. In 2010, there was a teleplay named â€Å"Chang-e† that told about the love story of Chang-e, Houyi, Wugang and Jade Rabbit. In the retold story, the relationship of these four persons is very complicated at the beginning. Later on, Houyi falls in love with Chang-e and Wugang is in love to Jade Rabbit. They try to start their new lives happily. However, a great flood troubles people, and it can be only resolved by Chang-e. The Jade Emperor gives 2 pills to Houyi and Chang-e but one of the 2 pills is destroyed and exchanged a fake one by a scoundrel. Houyi eats the fake pill when he knows this since he wants Chang-e to float to the moon and control the tides, so that she can stop the disaster. At the end, Chang-e floats to the moon alone. Jade Rabbit sympathizes with Chang-e so she also floats to the moon to accompany her. The 2 couples are both separated. There are several versions of the ancient myth about Chang-e. But the most famous one is from the book â€Å"huainanzi† . Chang-e is Houyi’s wife. Houyi gets elixir from Xiwangmu (the Western Queen Mother), and give it to his wife to store. When Houyi is going out to hunt, his student Fengmeng try to steal it but he is discovered by Chang-e. When he wants to kill Chang-e, she swallows the elixir and floats to the moon. Houyi is very angry when he backs home and Fengmeng has already fled. Houyi feels sad and miss Chang-e, so he prepares some fruits and cakes Chang-e likes as sacrifices to worship. The Mother of Moon shows mercy and allows them to meet in the night with full moon. People believe Chang-e has become the goddess of moon after hearing of the story, so they follow Houyi and pray to her. This is the origin of worship to Chang-e on Mid-Autumn Festival. Although there are many myths in ancient China, Chang-e’s story becomes one of the most famous. People have retold it for thousands of years. It is because of the â€Å"Yin Yang† culture in China. â€Å"Yin† means negative, dark, cold or female, etc. Chinese people believe the moon belongs to â€Å"Yin†, and it is the most â€Å"Yin† thing in the universe. Also, Chinese people think the moon is beautiful but lonely and cold because of the nature of Yin. So, people believed that the deity of the moon should be also beautiful, female and alone. In the story, Chang-e is a young and very beautiful woman. Her image fits people’s thinking of the moon. Her husband Houyi is a hero with great power and good at archery. He shot down 9 suns. Although these two persons are nearly perfect, their love story is a tragedy. People always remember those sad and beautiful love stories. This is the reason why tragedies are always retold again and again. Also, Chinese think that the wanes and full of the moon hint the parting and meeting of families or lovers. As the great poet Su Shi said, â€Å"People have sorrow and joy, they part and meet again and again. There are wanes and full of the moon, it is sometimes covered and it sometimes shines. These are always regrets since the olden days. † This impression fits the situation of Chang-e and Houyi. They are separated but still can meet in the night with full moon. On another hand, ancient Chinese were very curious about the moon. They thought the moon was beautiful but mysterious, and they always imaged the nature and story of the moon, and tried to get some ideas to go to the moon. From a long time ago, there are so many literary works talking about the moon. Ancient Chinese reposed their thinking on the story of Chang-e’s ascent to the moon, and retell the myth again and again. The popularity of the story of Chang-e shows ancient Chinese people’s eagerness and willingness to explore the moon. Even though they had no abilities to go to the moon, they tried to pass the idea to posterity, and that really comes true recently. In the past several decades, the space flight technology has developed significantly. Nowadays, it allows humans to go onto the moon already. In 2007, the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP) was launched, and the program is also named â€Å"Chang-e Program†. The lunar orbiters and lunar landers launched in this program are all named â€Å"Chang-e 1†, â€Å"Chang-e 2†, etc. The naming of the program and orbiters and landers hints that the Chinese people’s dream of going to the moon finally comes true. Chinese people can finally set foot on the moon back like the lunar goddess, Chang-e. In contemporary China, the influence of the story of Chang-e still exists in other aspects. The story is retold again and again in different media, such as films, teleplay and cartoons, etc. It is even included in Chinese primary students’ textbooks. Furthermore, many people still keep the tradition of worship to Chang-e on the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, when the moon is said to be largest, and Chang-e can hear the pray of people. People will prepare moon cakes and fresh fruits as sacrifices to the lunar goddess, as what Houyi did many centuries before. This tradition shows Chinese people’s mind does not change among thousands of years. Chinese know that the parting and meeting of people are unchangeable, just like the nature principle that the moon wanes and becomes full, moves in circles. Therefore, on the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, people recall their family, friends or lovers. The olds hope their children and grandchildren can be with them to celebrate the festival and view the full moon together. And in the night, adults will tell the story of Chang-e to the children, and introduce the culture of Mid-Autumn Festival. The story is retold again and again, and passed to the posterity. Even though those family members has left hometown, they will try their best to back home before the festival to celebrate with the family. In the night with full moon, they pray to the lunar goddess for reunions of members of family. People are eager for â€Å"Yuan†. In Chinese, the word â€Å"Yuan† means the shape of circle and also the reunion of members of family. On the Mid-Autumn Festival, people always pray for â€Å"Yuan† of both the moon and family. Even though the myth of Chang-e’s ascent to the moon has more and more retold version since people’s different interest in different times, the culture of it will never change. Chinese people will keep the core value of â€Å"Yuan†, as well as other Chinese traditional core value. References 1. Wen Yu , (2010) ‘ ’, Enorth. com. Retrieved from http://ent. enorth. com. cn/system/2010/11/23/005412956. shtml 2. Gao You. Huainanzi Explanation . Worldbook Taiwan, 1965. 3. Jiang Pei Ying , 300 Song Poems . Thread-Blinding Books Publishing House, 2003. 4. Liu Zhi Qing , (2007) ‘â€Å" † ’,Xinhuanet. Retrieved from http://news3. xinhuanet. com/tech/2007-07/07/content_6340313. htm.

How strong is George and Lennies relationship in Of Mice and Men. Essa

How strong is George and Lennie's relationship in Of Mice and Men. Although not the same, their always together. John Steinbeck, author of of mice and men, makes a powerful relationship between George and Lennie. The love they have for each other, the feelings they have, and the dreams they look forward to accomplish together is just so priceless. For them two, friendship is everything. They do not care much for anything else beside loosing each other or getting apart. There is a strong bond in between them two. It never makes them feel alone, helpless, or poor. They are two opposite people on a lifetime journey. George is so kind, responsible, patient, and an understanding man. He understood Lennie when he finally defended him self from Crook, or when he got in trouble at Weed. If George were not a good friend, he would not be with Lennie, wasting his time. George loves Lennie and always wants the good of Lennie. In addition, he helps him find solutions or get away. He disciplines him and tells him what he did wrong. Lennie is the man who always keeps George back from achievement. He is innocent and a forgetful man. Soft and furry things usually get him in trouble. Lennie idolizes George, his kind caretaker, almost like a God. He does every thing that George does, copies him, and wants to be just like him. In addition, he does every thing that George tells him to do. Like when Lennie jumped in the river one time when George jokingly told him to do so. Moreover, Lennie did not even bother to defend himself when Curly was beating him. He remembered what George told him, not to get in trouble. Lennie never intends any harm. It just happens. George may act cruel, or spiteful, but he never means what... ...nicest, and the hardest thing George can ever do for him. He always helped Lennie in his life and George still did in Lennie's last few moments by letting him die peacefully and mercifully while dreaming. Killing Lennie did not make George's life easier. Actually, it made it harder because now he is like all the other men working at the ranch. Now he cannot say that he is not like the others because now he does not have Lennie with him. Now he does not have someone beside him to talk to and share feelings. He does not have a partner to go along with everywhere. Now he does not even have a dream or any hopes. For the reason that all his dreams died along with Lennie. All this information is the proof of how strong George and Lennie's relationship is. They did all they can do for each other but unfortunately could not have gotten further in life together.

How well does BA protect its employees? Essay

Employees from BA’s prospective are an investment and for BA to get a return on this investment they have to protect it. In this section I am going to evaluate how well BA protects its employees I will use evidence from BA sources to back up each of my points. How does BA protect its employees? Bas takes the safety of its employees very well I know this because in the BA report they say â€Å"The safety and security of our customers and employees in the air and on the ground is a paramount to British Airways and at the heart of our business.† This statement suggests that the safety of BA’s customers is the most important part of their business. it also says that the protection of customers and employees is what the business runs around. BA protects its employees in a number of different ways, for example if an employee is working in an office in front of a computer BA will then make sure that the employee gets regular brakes so that the employees eyes do not get damaged too badly. This is one way that BA protects its employees. BA also protects its employees by reducing the risk of them injuring themselves. They do this by putting up hazard signs that show the employees to be careful. An example of this is wet floor signs these signs show employees that the floor is wet and slippery which instructs them to be more careful. Another way that BA protects its employees is by introducing stress management policies. This is because stress is a major factor that may affect an employee’s health. BA has tried to reduce the amount of stress within the business by introducing a â€Å"stress management policy†. Examples of the policies that BA uses to reduce stress is management training, employee involvement programmes etc†¦ It is one of BA’s top priorities to protect their employees if they don’t then this will mean that the employees will start to get de-motivated and not come to work this will therefore create a decrease in the production of work from the employees as they will not be in most of the times. BA protects its employees very well this can be seen in the graph below which shows the amount of days taken off by employees. In this graph you can see that BA has got quite a low amount of people taking days off related to illnesses at work. This therefore shows us that the employees are happy working at BA. BA also says: â€Å"We have a target of reducing the number of days taken of due to work related injuries by 30 % by 2010† The statement above suggests that BA are working on reducing the amount of work related injuries this shows us that BA are very concerned about the safety of their employees. BA spends 120million pounds on the security of their employees this shows us that they are very concerned about the safety of their employees. We can see that this is paying off as less people are taking days off this is shown in the graph above. The table above shows that BA has reduced the amount of injuries within the business therefore showing that BA’s 120 million pounds security investment has been put to good use. It also shows that BA wants to keep on decreasing the amount of injuries that have happened to employees. In the table above you can also see that the working day’s lost per 100,000 people is 4300 days this is a very low amount therefore showing that BA has protected there employees very well as they are coming into work very regularly. An example of a BA employee getting injured is when a cabin crew employee fell from the doorway of a 737 plane. The employee suffered 3 fractured vertebrae. When BA heard of this they then acted on it and tried to reduce the chances of this occurring again. The table above shows that the amount of injuries to employees inside BA has been reducing constantly for the last three years, but there is stillroom for improvement in the serious injury section where the results show it has risen by an extraordinary amount. How do the trade unions implement national and local working conditions? The trade unions within BA have a very big influence on the decisions made by BA, if BA make a decision that the trade unions do not like then they will cause a strike to occur and give BA a bad reputation. An example of where this occurred was the strike that occurred at Gate Gourmet this was because the trade unions felt that the working conditions where too bad. When this strike occurred it meant that BA had to cancel flights this meant a loss in profit and bad publicity, which caused a downfall for the business. BA would not want to get into situations like this. The trade unions can implement the working conditions by arranging strikes like this. These strikes cause the business to think about keeping the working conditions up and to think about the employees before they take any actions. The trade unions do not have to strike to implement anything, this is because the trade unions can negotiate with the managers of the department and discuss what the working conditions are like. by doing this the trade unions can work with the business to get better working conditions for the employees, this way the managers and the employees are happy without resolving to conflict. Overall the trade unions are a big factor that influences the decisions that the business makes. The main way that they implement the working conditions is by working with the business to tell them the conditions that they want. They may also complain if the conditions that are promised by BA are not met.

Porter Generic Strategies on Indian Automobile Induatry Essay

PORTER’S GENERIC COMPETITIVE STRATEGY Automobile Sector MARUTHI: Low Cost Product – Differentiated service Product Pricing: Maruthi build high walls of safety against competition by its very competitive pricing i.e. pricing as low as possible for the particular product. Maruthi has also been a company that has strived for sustainable development with their â€Å"three R† framework standing for â€Å"reduce, recycle, reuse† in its plants, so that there is a minimal stress on resources emphasizing on low cost while retaining their promise to the customer. Maruthi Product – Target Market – Pricing As important for low cost provider they are also backed by huge economies of scale as depicted below; Customer Service: In the other hand maruthi has been sought by people for its distribution and service availability across the length and breadth of the nation. â€Å"Yes, you can get lost in India, but chances are there will be a Maruti Suzuki Service Station close at hand. Wherever you go, across the length and breadth of this vast nation, our service network follows.† boasts maruthi relying on its widest service network servicing more than 40,000 cars a day. Maruthi has been No.1 in the J D Power Customer Satisfaction Award for a staggering 13 years in a row. It’s a survey that rates the after-sales service experience, one that no other global car market leader has won even once. Source:Maruthi.co.in TATA: COST LEADERSHIP Tata motors is a part of the conglomerate TATA and their focus is to provide cost effective solution to their customers going in line with their mission of â€Å"To be passionate in anticipating and providing the best vehicles and experiences that excite our customers globally.† Source: Tatamotors.com Focusing on values like Integrity, Accountability, Innovation, Passion for excellence with their focus to provide low cost solution ranging from TATA flag mark product NANO. The following picture gives the price list for the cars, Source: Car pricedhekho.com Their economies of scale are one of the highest in the industry signifying the low cost in production also reuse and less emphasis on design features and these coupled with their unique processing of fixing reverse methodology of pricing the product first and thereby innovating and designing so as to fit the price makes them the leader in providing low cost solutions reaching out the customers. TATA also boasts it service network being wide and reachable in almost all corners of the nation but their main focus and strive is on providing low cost solutions. MAHINDRA: DIFFERENTIATION (BLUE OCEAN STRATEGY) Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M) manufactures utility vehicles (UVs), tractors, commercial vehicles (CVs), three-wheelers and gensets. Mahindra was the first mover when it comes to utility vehicles in India and has an indomitable market and place in customer mind when their focus is on performance under optimal price. It is India’s market leader in UVs and tractors and In land, Mahindra has dominant share in all its segments – | Source: SIAM, Company Data, Credit Suisse estimates| Mahindra earns a competitive advantage via a combination of a tractor and UV business in India which face very little or no competition. Mahindra brought in SUV’s in Indian market focusing on raw power and performance with the launch of Bolero and the launch of Scorpio has proven to be a game-changer for the company and has help it transform its image from a people-mover to luxury SUV manufacturer followed by launch of its most-awaited XUV 500 dominating the SUV category with its differentiated products. All this was keenly observed by famous strategist and thinker Mr. C K Prahlad and named the whole milieu as â€Å"FORTRESS MAHINDRA†. Fortress Mahindra means that if you go into a certain mobility business where you can share procurement, where you can share research and development synergies, where you can share logistics, where you can share brand, you can share channel and then create a mobility web where it becomes easier to enter a  mobility business that somebod y else can’t and easier to defend when somebody tries to emulate. Source: Business Today

The Native Son essays

The Native Son essays The novel Native Son, written by Richard Wright, is a book that deals with a poor, black man named Bigger Thomas growing up in a rat-infested one-bedroom apartment on the South Side in Chicago during the Depression. It deals with the racism between blacks and whites, the poor and the rich. This man Bigger Thomas feels like that he is trapped and doomed to a destiny of constantly being on the bottom of the social ladder because of the whites. He does not like the whites because he thinks of them as being masters or as being people who tell the blacks what to do and where to go. He works as a chauffeur for a family named the Daltons. But one night, as he is driving one of the Daltons, Mary, the daughter, to go meet her Communist boyfriend Jan, the three of them end up drinking and becoming drunk. Bigger drives Mary home and while she is putting Mary into bed, Marys blind mother walks in to the room, and Bigger becomes scared that Mary is gonna reveal Biggers presence so he smothers her face with a pillow to make her be silent. But as he is doing that, he accidentally kills her so he ends up burning her body in the furnace. He tries to cover up the whole incident by trying to frame a kidnapping and ransom by signing it Red to try to frame Jan, the boyfriend of Mary. But the family ends up finding the bones in the furnace so they find Bigger, and the town sentences him to death. Bigger was doomed from the beginning. He was a black man growing up in a rich, white society. He knew that he was not going to become anything. What I did not like about this book was how the author wrote from such a pessimistic view of the whole blacks versus whites issue. He made is seem as if you were black growing up in Chicago, that you were not ever going to become anything, that you were doomed to say poor and live like rats. What I did like is that, the author really showed how it was during ...

Ethiopian Famine 1983-1986 essays

Ethiopian Famine 1983-1986 essays The 1984-85 Ethiopian famine was characterized by war and drought. It was an emergency with ethical and political dilemmas, bringing about operational and political division within the international community. Aid was misdirected and too little was done too late. Ultimately, more people were harmed than should have been. Responsibility lies with Ethiopias revolutionary government, abused NGOs, the reluctant U.S. government, and a neglecting UN. This emergency was never fully resolved amidst a mix of success and mostly failure, leaving lasting impressions on the West. Periodic droughts, overpopulation, and governmental destabilization have caused such famines throughout the 20th and into the early 21st centuries (Varnis 44). Under severe famine and labor, student, and military discontent, Emperor Haile Selassie's government was deposed in 1974. The armed forces dissolved the parliament and established the communist Provisional Military Administrative Council, the Derg. December 1974, the Derg announced its plan for a state controlled economy; all major companies and land were nationalized in 1975. Long-standing rebellion by the Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front (EPLF) and a new revolt by the Tigrayan Peoples Liberation Front (TPLF) further complicated distaste of policy by rural areas. The Workers Party of Ethiopia was established in 1984, with Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam as Chairman. The Government embarked on programs of "villagization" and resettlement from the highlands into lowland areas; some 3 million peasants were forced to abandon their l ands under the supervision of militiamen as part of villagization and 600,000 starving people were forcibly transferred, before the policy was abandoned in 1986 (Jean, par. 17). The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia was founded, with Mengistu as President, just as the EPLF achieved major successes against government forces in late 1987. In 1989 the TPLF removed g...

Evidence for American Human Settlement Before Clovis

Evidence for American Human Settlement Before Clovis Pre-Clovis culture is a term used by archaeologists to refer to what is considered by most scholars (see discussion below) the founding populations of the Americas. The reason they are called pre-Clovis, rather than some more specific term, is that the culture remained controversial for some 20 years after their first discovery. Up until the identification of pre-Clovis, the first absolutely agreed-upon culture in the Americas was a Paleoindian culture called Clovis, after the type site discovered in New Mexico in the 1920s. Sites identified as Clovis were occupied between ~13,400-12,800  calendar years ago (cal BP), and the sites reflected a fairly uniform living strategy, that of predation on now-extinct megafauna, including mammoths, mastodons, wild horses, and bison, but supported by smaller game and plant foods. There was always a small contingent of the Americanist scholars who supported claims of archaeological sites of ages dating between 15,000 to as much 100,000 years ago: but these were few, and the evidence was deeply flawed. It is useful to bear in mind that Clovis itself as a Pleistocene culture was widely disparaged when it was first announced in the 1920s. Changing Minds However, beginning in the 1970s or so, sites predating Clovis began to be discovered in North America (such as Meadowcroft Rockshelter and Cactus Hill), and South America (Monte Verde). These sites, now classified Pre-Clovis, were a few thousand years older than Clovis, and they seemed to identify a broader-range lifestyle, more approaching Archaic period hunter-gatherers. Evidence for any pre-Clovis sites remained widely discounted among mainstream archaeologists until about 1999  when a conference in Santa Fe, New Mexico called Clovis and Beyond was held presenting some of the emerging evidence. One fairly recent discovery appears to link the Western Stemmed Tradition, a stemmed point stone tool complex in the Great Basin and Columbia Plateau to pre-Clovis and the Pacific Coast Migration Model. Excavations at Paisley Cave in Oregon have recovered radiocarbon dates and DNA from human coprolites which predate Clovis. Pre-Clovis Lifestyles Archaeological evidence from pre-Clovis sites continues to grow. Much of what these sites contain suggests the pre-Clovis people had a lifestyle that was based on a combination of hunting, gathering, and fishing. Evidence for pre-Clovis use of bone tools, and for the use of nets and fabrics has also been discovered. Rare sites indicate that pre-Clovis people sometimes lived in clusters of huts. Much of the evidence seems to suggest a marine lifestyle, at least along the coastlines; and some sites within the interior show a partial reliance on large-bodied mammals. Research also focuses on migration pathways into the Americas. Most archaeologists still favor the Bering Strait crossing from northeastern Asia: climatic events of that era restricted entry into Beringia and out of Beringia and into the North American continent. For pre-Clovis, the Mackenzie River Ice-Free Corridor was not open early enough. Scholars have hypothesized instead that the earliest colonists followed the coastlines to enter and explore the Americas, a theory known as the Pacific Coast Migration Model  (PCMM) Continuing Controversy Although evidence supporting the PCMM and the existence of pre-Clovis has grown since 1999, few coastal Pre-Clovis sites have been found to date. Coastal sites are likely inundated since the sea level has done nothing but rise since the Last Glacial Maximum. In addition, there are some scholars within the academic community who remain skeptical about pre-Clovis. In 2017, a special issue of the journal Quaternary International based on a 2016 symposium at the Society for American Archaeology meetings presented several arguments dismissing pre-Clovis theoretical underpinnings. Not all the papers denied pre-Clovis sites, but several did. Among the papers, some of the scholars asserted that Clovis was, in fact, the first colonizers of the Americas and that genomic studies of the Anzick burials (which share DNA with modern Native American groups) prove that. Others suggest that the Ice-Free Corridor would still have been usable if unpleasant entryway for the earliest colonists. Still others argue that the Beringian standstill hypothesis is incorrect and that there simply were no people in the Americas prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. Archaeologist Jesse Tune and colleagues have suggested that all of the so-called pre-Clovis sites are made up of geo-facts, micro-debitage too small to be confidently assigned to human manufacture.   It is undoubtedly true that pre-Clovis sites are still relatively few in number compared to Clovis. Further, pre-Clovis technology seems extremely varied, especially compared to Clovis which is so strikingly identifiable. Occupation dates on pre-Clovis sites vary between 14,000 cal BP to 20,000 and more. Thats an issue that needs to be addressed.   Who Accepts What? It is difficult to say today what percentage of archaeologists or other scholars support pre-Clovis as a reality versus Clovis First arguments. In 2012, anthropologist Amber Wheat conducted a systematic survey of 133 scholars about this issue. Most (67 percent) were prepared to accept the validity of at least one of the pre-Clovis sites (Monte Verde). When asked about migratory paths, 86 percent selected the coastal migration path and 65 percent the ice-free corridor. A total of 58 percent said people arrived in the American continents before 15,000 cal BP, which implies by definition pre-Clovis. In short, Wheats survey, despite what has been said to the contrary, suggests that in 2012, most scholars in the sample were willing to accept some evidence for pre-Clovis, even if it wasnt an overwhelming majority or whole-hearted support. Since that time, most of the published scholarship on pre-Clovis has been on the new evidence, rather than disputing their validity. Surveys are a snapshot of the moment, and the research into coastal sites has not stood still since that time. Science moves slowly, one might even say glacially, but it does move. Sources Braje, Todd J., et al. Finding the First Americans. Science 358.6363 (2017): 592–94. Print.de Saint Pierre, Michelle. Antiquity of mtDNA Lineage D1g from the Southern Cone of South America Supports Pre-Clovis Migration. Quaternary International 444 (2017): 19–25. Print.Eren, Metin I., et al. Refuting the Technological Cornerstone of the Ice-Age Atlantic Crossing Hypothesis. Journal of Archaeological Science 40.7 (2013): 2934-41. Print.Erlandson, Jon M. After Clovis-First Collapsed: Reimagining the Peopling of the Americas. Paleoamerican Odyssey. Eds. Graf, Kelly E., C.V. Ketron and Michael R. Waters. College Station: Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas AM, 2013. 127-32. Print.Faught, Michael K. Where Was the Paleoamerind Standstill? Quaternary International 444 (2017): 10–18. Print.Fiedel, Stuart J. The Anzick Genome Proves Clovis Is First, after All. Quaternary International 444 (2017): 4–9. Print.Halligan, Jessi J., et al. Pre-Clovis Occup ation 14,550 Years Ago at the Page-Ladson Site, Florida, and the Peopling of the Americas. Science Advances 2.e1600375 (2016). Print. Jenkins, Dennis L., et al. Clovis Age Western Stemmed Projectile Points and Human Coprolites at the Paisley Caves. Science 337 (2012): 223–28. Print.Llamas, Bastien, Kelly M. Harkins, and Lars Fehren-Schmitz. Genetic Studies of the Peopling of the Americas: What Insights Do Diachronic Mitochondrial Genome Datasets Provide? Quaternary International 444 (2017): 26–35. Print.Morrow, Juliet E. After Anzick: Reconciling New Genomic Data and Models with the Archaeological Evidence for Peopling of the Americas. Quaternary International 444 (2017): 1–3. Print.Potter, Ben A., et al. Early Colonization of Beringia and Northern North America: Chronology, Routes, and Adaptive Strategies. Quaternary International 444 (2017): 36–55. Print.Scott, G. Richard, et al. Sinodonty, Sundadonty, and the Beringian Standstill Model: Issues of Timing and Migrations into the New World. Quaternary International 466 (2018): 233–46. Print.Shillito, Lisa-Marie, et al. New Researc h at Paisley Caves: Applying New Integrated Analytical Approaches to Understanding Stratigraphy, Taphonomy, and Site Formation Processes. PaleoAmerica 4.1 (2018): 82–86. Print. Tune, Jesse W., et al. Assessing the Proposed Pre-Last Glacial Maximum Human Occupation of North America at Coats-Hines-Litchy, Tennessee, and Other Sites. Quaternary Science Reviews 186 (2018): 47–59. Print.Wagner, Daniel P. Cactus Hill, Virginia. Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology. Ed. Gilbert, Allan S. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2017. 95–95. Print.Wheat, Amber. Survey of Professional Opinions Regarding the Peopling of America. SAA Archaeological Record 12.2 (2012): 10–14. Print.

Retailing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Retailing - Assignment Example Dynamic economic conditions have compelled the leading retailers to re-evaluate the strategies related to the marketing channels. The varied altering trends in grocery retailing have created various opportunities for the suppliers and the manufacturers. With reference to the competitive market scenario, the retailers have enforced certain strategies and advanced plans as regards to the consumers’ behaviour (Memedovic, 2010). Company Information Tesco is considered to be the one of the biggest retailers in the global perspective. In the year 1997, it had established itself as the one of the prominent and trusted names in the field of grocery retail. Tesco represents the largest online grocery business; it targets its customers on the basis of purchase behaviour. The opportunities provided by Tesco within the websites facilitate to meet the requirement of its target consumers comprising the younger audience as well as the wealthy family audience (Datamonitor, 2004). J Sainsbury plc represents the parent as well as the host company of Sainsbury’s Supermarkets Ltd. It represents the third largest supermarket chain within the United Kingdom. It has implemented and executed certain strategies along with plans that ensure the sustainability within the competitive market scenario. Sainsbury’s vision is to be a trusted retailer (Irish Food Board, 2011). In accordance with the retailing business, the objective of the study is to compare and contrast between Tesco and Sainsbury with respect to their performance in various areas. The respective areas include store format, store design, advertising and promotions, customer segmentation and multi-channel platform. In this study, Mehrabian and Russell's approach-avoidance model will be applied. This model represents the effects of the store environment upon the consumer behaviour. In accordance with Mehrabian and Russell's approach-avoidance model, it has been further revealed that it lays emphasis upon n onverbal responses related to environmental factors that act as a major determinant of change in behaviour. Comparison and Contrast of Tesco and Sainsbury’s Performance Store Format The store format of an organisation has profound impact on the purchasing decisions. In several instances, store atmosphere, interior design and overall store environment determine the reaction of customers with respect to product purchase and consumption. The store environment comprises certain indications, messages and propositions to the customers. It can enhance the positive feeling and direct the anticipated consumer behaviour such as high inclination to purchase or longer time to stay in retail store (Gilboa & Rafaeli, 2002). Store atmosphere is a vital component of image of an organisation. For several retailers, aspects such as store layout, colour, lighting and music among others help to influence the buying behaviour of customers. They determine the selection of customers about the store to patronise. However, since the

Information Technology assignment unit 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information Technology assignment unit 4 - Essay Example The speed is not a great concern so I have chosen a medium speed for printing b. In this scenario we have a firm that uses computer only for word processing. The biggest application occupies 24 MB, so we do not require a system with huge capacity drives and processing power. The hardware configuration selected for this firm is given: c. In this type of firm we need systems that have extreme processing power and clock speed power. Here we have to process at high speed because scientific applications require more processing power, so configuration of the system is given below; d. In this scenario we need a better printing power and this can only be achieved through enhanced memory. Because the printing current pages are stored in the RAM so we need better RAM as compared to processing power. Here we need a printer that can print the pages at higher speed. We also need big data travel drive. a. Magnetic tapes: In this scenario we need to store thousands of employee records for several years. This storage is only for backup procedure. Here we do not require processing of records. So we will choose the magnetic tapes those provide large storage capacity at less expenses. b. Magnetic hard disks: Air line reservation requires fast and large record processing. Here in this scenario we require systems that provide high storage and fast processing speed. The selection of magnetic hard disks is the best choice for such areas of working. c. Recordable optical discs (CD-R: write once, read many): the maintenance manual facility is effectively provided through CR-Rom technology. Main reasons of this technology selection are the less cost and appropriate capacity of medium for the maintenance manual storage. d. Flash memory USB drives: when we want to take any digital data from one place to another then the flash memory USB drives are the best choice. These are high speed data travel

Answering Questions on Digital Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answering Questions on Digital Media - Essay Example Employing Graphic Design in VJum Amel design in the creation of R-Shief Labs makes it more appealing and conducive for the event at hand. This makes the poster give a different feeling of the overall event hence pull attendance in large numbers. VJ Um Amel is a media designer, is undertaking her PHD studies, and the maker of R-Shief Labs. Her performances and compositions consist of visual performance that is live, Media Graphics Planning and Designing, database Illustrator artist, and analyzing of network. She considers that a successful art panorama and digital knowledge are solutions to the 21st century autonomous performances. The volume of Ingenious Mechanical Devices by Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari was done in the year 1206. It was debatably the most inclusive and meticulous anthology of the most modern acquaintance concerning automated apparatus and technicalities. The work methodically tabled out the technological advancements of a diversity of devices and machineries that both ty pified and extended obtainable acquaintance on robotics and automation (Al-Jazari, 6). Donald Hill, who decoded and had completed mainly to propagate the significance of the above-mentioned text, asserted, it is unfeasible to exaggerate the significance of Al-Jazari's vocation in the account of engineering. Until contemporary periods, there is the absence of another manuscript from whichever cultural and intellectual area that offers an equivalent prosperity of directives for the design and proposal, construction and assemblage of equipments. Al-Jazari at his times did not merely incorporate the methods of his Arab and non-Arab forerunners, but was also imaginative. This paper depicts al-Jazari's perspectives of work as a noteworthy input to the account of robotics and computerization as it facilitates a significant re-evaluation of typical concepts and the conservative history of computerization and consequently of robotics (Hill, 67). Al-Jazari's vocation of art is depicted as com mendable of what is termed as Islamic automation, where the concepts of power that have educated the conservative history of computerization and robotics are replaced by submission and compliance to the pace of the devices. In relation of Al-Jazari convictions of Islamic Automation to VJ Um Amel‘s project R-Shief, both employ the aspect of computerization, highlighted and encouraged the methodical progress of science and expertise in technology. They both employ the aspect of Islamic programming in their viewpoint of composition. Therefore, the connotation of anything in account or history is not permanent and monotonous, as it is opportunely understood in conservative historical techniques. The straight historiographical performance typically searches the origin, in which there is, Foucault asserts, an effort to confine the precise real meaning of things, their crudest potentials and their cautiously cosseted identities since this search supposes the subsistence of motionless forms that precede the peripheral world of misfortune and progression. Hill asserts that one major distinctive characteristic of the Islamic nations was an invariable striving after organization in order to put up machinery that would do without human intrusion for elongated periods. He affirms, numerous kinds of management, a number of which are deliberated of as fairly modern, were engaged to attain these outcomes:

Sustainable Housing Dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sustainable Housing Dissertation - Essay Example People in the United Kingdom have received many benefits from sustainable housing. The United Kingdom has developed numerous green and sustainable buildings. The paper first elaborates the concept of Green Home or Sustainable housing and the need for switching to sustainable housing is been discussed. The code of sustainable homes focuses on evaluating the homes in terms of the benchmark of Building Research Establishment’s Eco homes. Various types of sustainable constructions are mentioned in the research paper. Furthermore, the paper debates on various energy resources as well as material useful for sustainable constructions. Additionally, a discussion on the proper location for sustainable building, on the basis of different parameters, is included in the paper. There many types of sustainable housing mentioned in the paper. The paper offers specific examples of Eco friendly constructions in United Kingdom. On the basis of this discussion the paper concludes that the well-b eing of future generation should be taken into consideration by the construction industry. Key words: sustainable housing, low or zero carbon houses, eco homes, carbon emission. TABLE OF CONTENT Page No. Abstract....................

Professional investment tear sheet for four companies (in my Essay

Professional investment tear sheet for four companies (in my dissertation) - Essay Example Being one of the biggest petrochemical companies in the world, the companty has done extremley well to be the most profitable company in the Middle East. It is also one of the leading suppliers of thermoplastics in the world. The Saudi Basic Industries Corporation is a pulic company headquartered in Riyadh. 70% of the company is owned by the government and 30% is owned by the public. The company has its operations spread over 40 countries and its main business segments are chemicals, plastics, fertilizers, metals and innovative plastic. The recommendation would be to buy the share of Dow Chemical. Even though the current price is $26.96, the targetted price is $42.35 and this is approxiamtely 60% more than the current price. Therefore it would be beneficial to buy the shares now. American based Dow Chemical is the biggest chemical corporation in the world. Dow Chemicals has a diverse range of products and services that include chemicals, plastic materials and agricultural products. With over 50,000 employees the company is operational in over 160 countries. The recommendation for DuPont shares would be to hold the shares. There is a slight difference (increase of 7%) from the current price to the targetted price. Therefore, it would make financial sense if the shares are held and not sold right now. America based, DuPont is a chemical company. With its operations spread over continenets: North America, South America, Europe and Asia Pacifc, it has around 60,000 employees world over. It has wide range of diverse products and services wich include electronics and communications, nutrition, safety and protection, agriculture, home and construction, apparel and

Sustainable Housing Dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sustainable Housing Dissertation - Essay Example People in the United Kingdom have received many benefits from sustainable housing. The United Kingdom has developed numerous green and sustainable buildings. The paper first elaborates the concept of Green Home or Sustainable housing and the need for switching to sustainable housing is been discussed. The code of sustainable homes focuses on evaluating the homes in terms of the benchmark of Building Research Establishment’s Eco homes. Various types of sustainable constructions are mentioned in the research paper. Furthermore, the paper debates on various energy resources as well as material useful for sustainable constructions. Additionally, a discussion on the proper location for sustainable building, on the basis of different parameters, is included in the paper. There many types of sustainable housing mentioned in the paper. The paper offers specific examples of Eco friendly constructions in United Kingdom. On the basis of this discussion the paper concludes that the well-b eing of future generation should be taken into consideration by the construction industry. Key words: sustainable housing, low or zero carbon houses, eco homes, carbon emission. TABLE OF CONTENT Page No. Abstract....................

Alignment of HRM and Business Strategies Research Paper

Alignment of HRM and Business Strategies - Research Paper Example Managers can also find ways of enabling hotel employees to see how their improved actions impact on the hotel’s well-being. For instance, if the hotel’s training program is centered on the importance of decreasing accidents that take place in the workplace, the management could ensure that the workers are shown how average costs can be saved in their training programs through factors such as reduced medical expenses, employee compensation, and even legal expenses (Cho, Woods, Jang, & Erdem, 2006). Another way to ensure that HR functions are aligned with business objectives is by ensuring that the hotel’s management body is in support of all proposed programs, and generates partnerships with the team entrusted with dispensing the training programs. To determine the effectiveness of training programs, hotels can create engagement surveys that allow workers to offer feedback on the programs. The hotel could also conduct culture surveys as well as employee satisfaction surveys in order to collect important feedback that functions as an indicator of the impact being had by the program. Other factors that can be used to assess the performance of HR programs include productivity rates, the rate of turnover, and even profitability of the hotel (Davidson, Guilding, & Timo, 2006). The HR jobs included in the Marriott’s HR department include bell persons, door persons, vacation planners, front desk agents and room controllers, bell captains, supervisors, front desk managers, front office managers, room operations directors, service agents, runners and supervisors, reservation agents and group coordinators, sales and public relations coordinators, house keeping persons and administrative clerks, housekeeping managers, the director of services, loss prevention officers and drivers, casino compliance and supervisor agents, recreation attendants,

Democracy in the uk Essay Example for Free

Democracy in the uk Essay I love reading romance tragedy books. Firstly it gives me the opportunity to identify love; how love growths, what specific element bring the personas close and attached emotionally. Furthermore it gives in-depth information about love and the aspects of love, this is interesting because love is part of everyday life and a lot of people can relate to it which makes it relatable. Secondly the readers (I) feels inclusive and as well as learn from it in order to prevent the mistakes made by the characters in  the book, or to Improve relationships which will benefits me and also it makes the story appealing and interesting. Thirdly reading a romance book is a really great to relax and escape from the day-to-day world. In addition, I paint a picture which helps me create an image in my head which almost seem like I am watching a movie this makes the book very intruding and makes me yearn to read more. There are certain types of genres that I don’t enjoy reading such as fantasies this is because it is unrealistic as it a paint an unrealistic imagine  which doesn’t make the book relatable and most often it discouraging as the readers do not feel inclusive. I would certainly prefer it if it was mixed with a different genre for example romance etc†¦ However it may suitable for people who wants to escape from the real world and have an adventurous reading. For instance children. I enjoy writing when I am depressed or confused this is because it gives me the sense of relief as I get to express my feelings, thoughts and  decision this helps me ease stress all the stress as it doesn’t became a barding so by having this relief I tend to a solution any problem I’m going through. Reading helps me to explore different thing so by this I read almost every day for example newspaper on my way to college, I have an hour 15mintes journey. Reading keep me awake and rejuvenated as I get to read about different this that’s going on in the world and celebrate gossips etc†¦ this helps me to be ready and prepared for my lessons as  my brain helps my brain stay active. I am reading novels I stopped during exams session ‘vampire beach’ and the following novel is called ‘ritual and legacy’ I am very intrude to read this book because I enjoyed reading the other novels as it meets to my expectations and the genre of the book is also about romance, supernatural and seduction which makes it very interesting as there’s different stories in the book because of the riveting, variety of themes as the reader don’t get fatigue.

Urban Heat Island and Green Infrastructure

Urban Heat Island and Green Infrastructure Chapter 1 What is urban heat island? History â€Å"Did you know that people can affect the environment and even change the weather? Well, next time you are told you cannot, say you already have.†[1] The more urban areas and construction industry develop, the more profoundly the surrounding landscape is altered but also the city scene is changed. Buildings and streets infrastructure replace open land and vegetation. Regions that were once permeable and moist are converted into impervious and dry surfaces. These changes cause urban regions to become warmer than their suburban and rural surroundings therefore forming areas of higher temperatures or heat bubbles in the landscape. This effect is now known as urban heat island and is absolutely not related to the greenhouse effect or global warming. It is strictly a land use phenomena, sometimes exacerbated by city activities. It was in the 1810’s when Luke Howard, a British meteorologist, first investigated and in 1818-1820 described the phenomena. His study[2] was made on the London climate and he documented the effect that built-up areas have on the local weather and temperature. Nowadays, the urban heat island is one of the most studied climate effects of settlements and there is a large body of data on urban heat island characteristics from cities globally. Components of urban heat island In order to identify and describe the urban heat island in one metropolitan area, scientists use temperature registrations of different components. The first component is the surface temperature which represents the temperature of exposed urban surfaces like streets, pavements, faà §ades and roofs. The second component is the atmospheric temperature defined by the air temperature measured in two layers from a vertical city section. These two layers are defined like this: Urban canopy layer – represents the city’s layer of air from the ground to the roofs’ level Urban boundary layer – represents the city’s layer of air from above the roofs to the point where urban activity no longer influences the atmosphere. Figure 2‑a Picture illustrates the difference between urban boundary layer and urban canopy layer Apparently, surface and air temperatures are not related, however surface temperature has an indirect, but extremely significant influence on air temperature, especially in the urban canopy layer. During day time, heat is absorbed by urban infrastructure and edifices and after sunset the energy is slowly released in the air. Consequently, the air temperature in the city during night is maintained at a high level while in suburbs it is cooling down. Figure 2‑b Picture illustrates the city heat bubble Urban heat island is manifested as heat bubble that incorporates the affected parts of the city. But for a better general understanding, when referred to urban heat island effect, it is normally presented as a temperature difference or comparison between the air within the urban canopy layer and that measured in a suburban or rural area outside the settlement both during day and night. Figure 2‑c Picture illustrates the temperature difference between the urban and suburban areas The temperature difference between the two zones is specific for every settlement and it depends significantly on local climate and city morphology. The same rule applies to how warm the urban area is during nighttime compared to daytime. As a general approximation, it could be stated that the city temperature is warmer with 2 ° to 12 °C than suburbs and surrounding rural areas but its. As a result the annual mean air temperature of a city can be with 1 ° to 5 °C warmer than its surroundings.[3] How do urban heat islands form? From the beginning it should be pointed out that every settlement is capable of generating a heat island regardless of its size or location. However, the aspect of urban heat island is characteristic to every city. In addition to the local climate which is subjected to various meteorological factors such as temperature, relative humidity and wind, a number of man-made causes determine the occurrence and intensification of urban heat islands. This phenomena must be seen as the combined result of energy losses and gains together with the increasing area urbanization. City background Climate Settlements’ background strongly influence urban heat island formation. Climate, predominantly wind and clouds, is one of the most significant factors. Heat island levels are largest under calm and clear weather conditions while increasing winds mix the air and reduce the phenomena. Figure 2‑d Picture illustrates how radiative cooling works on cloudy and cloudless nights Radiative cooling is â€Å"the process by which a body releases heat†[4]. In this case the bodies are buildings and pavements. This process is substantially affected by the presence or absence of clouds therefore the level of urban heat island is different depending on the conditions. The maximum level of radiative cooling is experienced on cloudless nights. If there is no wind there is nothing that can block the release of heat in the atmosphere. Therefore the air within the urban canopy layer will continuously be heated and in this case the urban heat island reaches the highest point. Clouds reduce radiative cooling as they increase humidity level and also bring precipitations. Furthermore clouds act like a barrier that absorbs released heat and re-radiate it both back and towards the atmosphere, fact that leads to temperature equalization within the canopy layer. Table 2‑c Temperature equalization process When the temperature equalization is reached, the radiative cooling process stops. In this case, the urban heat island is less prominent than during clear sky nights. Geographic location Geographic location has also an influence on urban heat island. A coastal city may experience cooling of urban temperature as well as cities in cold or temperate climates. A city located in the proximity of a forested area has the tendency to create a higher urban heat island than a city developed in a desert. Forests are cooler, therefore the temperature difference between the city and the forest will be higher compared to the desert case where the temperatures are close. City’s morphology Albedo An additional factor that influences urban heat island, particularly at night, is urban morphology. Increasing urbanization heavily alters the ground cover and water formations. What used to be vegetation, beach or lake, now is converted into a city form which comprises the materials used in constructions and infrastructure, the buildings’ dimensions and spacing and amount of green spaces. Materials’ surface color is also an important factor in the city’s morphology. Albedo is determined by the reflectivity of a surface. It is usually defined as a percentage of reflected radiation or by a number between 0 and 1. An albedo with a value of 1 means that 100% of the incoming radiation is reflected and 0% of it is absorbed. An albedo with a value of 0 means that 100% of the incoming radiation is absorbed and 0% of it is reflected. Additionally, urban geometry influences the wind flow direction and speed. Figure 2‑e Albedo illustrations Urban materials One typical city can have approximately 10-20% of its land surface rooftops. Concrete, asphalt and pavements may cover up to 35-55% of the city’s area. All previously mentioned surfaces are really burning during summer, and during day time they can be hotter with more than 50 °C than the air temperature. These structures and the materials they are composed of have large heat capacity and surface radiative properties that facilitate absorption and storage of solar energy. What is more is that urban construction materials are often dark in color, especially roof coverings and a low albedo effect contributes even more to the development of urban heat island. Cities can have multiple and different formations but the ones most relevant to urban heat island are urban canyons. They are like a standard classification of the urban environment, covering the width of the streets and buildings’ height and are usually defined by a ratio between these two factors. Building height is defined by H and canyon with, which represents the streets’ width and thus the distance between buildings from the sides of the street, is defined by W. A high ratio of H:W means that the urban canyon is tall and narrow and a low H:W means that the urban canyon is low and wide. This ratio is a relative measurement. Figure 2‑f Upstream urbanization â€Å"To cool cities, build them tall and shiny†[5]. The impression that tall buildings act as a protection from heat is a completely misplaced one. In fact, small, modern cities with upstream urbanization can have a larger urban heat island effect than a bigger city with no upstream urbanization. This study Thermal Effects of Urban Canyon Structure on the Nocturnal Heat Island: Numerical Experiment Using a Mesoscale Model Coupled with an Urban Canopy Model[6] on tall and narrow urban canyons demonstrates the complex effect that skyscrapers have. These urban canyons display a larger amount of materials that can retain heat and the faà §ades area is close to or even bigger than the canyon area itself. Buildings act as a barrier against wind and air is hardly circulated. Narrow urban canyons with skyscrapers limit the sky view and streets are most of the time shaded. But even with a modest amount of daylight comes a large retention of heat. At the beginning of the day, only the uppermost part of the faà §ades are directly sunlit, but during the day, the beam of light reaches lower. At the end of the day, more than 60% of the skyscrapers’ faà §ade area is sunlit by the direct light beam and thus results a maximized heat absorption per unit area. The absorbed heat is rel eased during night and narrow spaces between buildings act as a trap and the cooling process becomes slower. The amount of released heat combined with hot gas emissions and reduced wind speed make these city segments experience an increased urban heat island effect. Another very common urban canyon is the wide and high type. Skyscrapers act as wind barriers but there is a higher chance to have a better natural ventilation because of the wide spaces between the buildings. The sky view is larger than in a narrow and high urban canyon therefore the building shading effect is lower. Buildings and pavements receive direct sunlight throughout the entire day and at night the cooling process is slow. This is because a large amount of heat is released in the same time in a relatively small space and there is very little wind to help the process. Figure 2‑i Shadow effect in low urban canyons Wide and low canyons receive more sunlight and wind enters between buildings easier than in a high urban canyon. Streets are only partly shaded by buildings and buildings across the street rarely shade each other. In this situation, during the day, buildings and streets absorb heat faster and on the entire surface area. Surfaces receive direct light beam with maximum heat and they also absorb the small reflected heat by surrounding materials. Likewise heating process the cooling process at night is also faster because the large space between buildings does not trap the warmth and allows air circulation. Lack of vegetation As previously mentioned, increasing urbanization alters the local landscape and most importantly it is done in many ways that really trap a lot of heat. Most of the city’s area is covered with different materials which obstruct the growing of vegetation and prevent the ingress of water in the soil. Therefore the natural circulation process of water in atmosphere is completely changed and it becomes a general concern only when it is too late for changing. As a result, city’s top view in general looks like a mass of concrete combined with asphalt and with not too many little green spots as parks. Therefore, cities are considered hotspots of heat also due to the lack of grass and trees. Vegetation provides moisture and shade which helps lower the surface and air temperature. Open land is a living component compared to concrete and asphalt and it is cooler due to water infiltration high albedo. When sun is shining the water is released from the ground and it cools the surfa ce and also the air by providing humidity. Effects The most obvious effect of urban heat island is that it increases the annual mean temperature of the city. Increased surface heat, especially during summer, can pose a threat to indoor temperatures as well. When a building is designed, faà §ades and roofs are projected to act as an envelope that protects the indoor for outdoor in normal circumstances. But the envelopes’ outside materials are exposed to direct sunlight throughout the day. When the outside surfaces reach abnormal high temperatures hotter than air temperature, no matter how well the walls and roofs are insulated, the indoor air is affected. As a result, air conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems (HVAC) are overused and the energy consumption of the building is increasing. Figure 2‑j Heat bubble effect on clouds The urban heat island can be represented as a heat bubble which incorporates the city. â€Å"When a normal cloud hits the heat bubble it can expand up to two times and can blow up about the half way through. This leads to an increase in precipitations and sometimes the midtown can see up to two times more rainfalls quantity than areas surrounding it.†[7] 1 | Page [1] Quote from Elliot, M. (Director), 2013. The urban heat island explained on The Weather Channel [2] Howard, L., 1818-20. The climate of London: deduced from Meteorological Observations, made at different places in the neighborhood of the metropolis (1st ed., Vol. I). London [3] Quote from Wikipedia, 2001. Urban heat island. [online] [4] Quote from Wikipedia, 2003. Radiative cooling. [online] [5] Quote from Upton, J., 2014. To cool cities, build them tall and shiny. [online] [6] Paragraph information from Kusaka, H., Kimura, F., 2004. Thermal Effects of Urban Canyon Structure on the Nocturnal Heat Island: Numerical Experiment Using a Mesoscale Model Coupled with an Urban Canopy Model. American Meteorological Society. [7] Quote from Elliot, M. (Director). (2013). The urban heat island explained on The Weather Channel

Use of Symbolism in Goldings Lord of the Flies Essay example -- Lord

Use of Symbolism in Golding's Lord of the Flies Lord of the Flies, a suggestive name for the Devil, a devil whose name proposes that he is devoted to decay, destruction, demoralization and panic, exactly what William Golding had in mind when using symbolism in this novel. The Lord of the Flies (1954), is a novel in which interpretating the symbols are a main key to not only understanding, but also enjoying the novel. After tying many of the symbols together, you can figure out more about what the author is trying to depict, the overall scene. This story takes place during World War II on a deserted island. After a plane, transporting about a dozen young boys, gets shot down, they are trapped on an island without any adults. Throughout a few week period, they become separated through many difficult, and trying times. Each character and object that is frequently used, are symbols that represent a small part in the big picture. Through the symbols, the author portrays what each boy contributes, or burdens, the island with during their struggle to escape. The first thing I encountered and saw as a symbol when reading, was the island itself. This island had become their world. For as long as they were been on that island, that was the only thing they had, the only thing they knew. It was a world free from adults, laws and civilized society and full of responsibility. This set the picture of the boys, having to learn to survive by themselves, and shows you how important it is that they all come together. Ralph is a fairly quiet twelve year old with blond hair, and is the most influential of the group. He is the first one William talked about in the book. He was presented as a logical boy, and as the story progresses, you ... ... light the fire again later, You should have been with us. We had a smashing time" (69). This fire, their only hope of getting off the island, escaping this world, was out and there was no way for Ralph to start it. He was the only one who was sound enough to use the fire to get off, and the tribe had stolen it from him. While all this built up and eventually turned into a war, the anarchy of the world actually freed them from what they had been living. When rebellion and chaos had tried to catch order and destroy it, they started a fire, a new hope, that saved them from the island. Interpretating and understanding these characters and objects as symbols, bring a whole new light to the novel. As you read this, or any other story, let it get inside your head a little and try to find out if there's a Devil, one devoted to decay, destruction and demoralization.

“A Modest Proposal” Essay Essay

Word choice gives Swift artillery to create satire in â€Å"A Modest Proposal†. In â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, Swift uses several different words to create satire, one of which is the word ‘breeders’. He uses the term breeders in reference to the women. In several paragraphs he talks about these breeders and their role. â€Å"I calculate there may be about 200,000 couples whose wives are breeders;†(Swift 2) The way that he refers to the women as breeders instead of mothers, wives or women creates satire. Instead of talking about them he talks about what they do. Or what they are supposed to do. This makes good artillery because referring to the women as breeders gives them a significant role and satire is created because instead of being known as women and mothers they are now breeders. In beginning his proposal Swift uses the word ‘scheme’ before he gets into too much detail about what he has in mind. This word is an excellent word to use to start off. â€Å"As to my own part, having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject, and maturely weighed the several schemes of our projectors†(Swift 1) Scheme meaning â€Å"A systematic plan of action† very well describes the plan that is later laid out by swift to solve the issues he talks about. â€Å"There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme†.(Swift 1) He immediately explains how his scheme will â€Å"prevent voluntary abortions, and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children†.(Swift 1,2) It’s ironic how he says that then a little bit further down he says: â€Å"I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or broiled†.(Swift 2) It’s pure satire to not abort the child so that they can be eaten at the age of one, don’t murder them before they’re born, wait a year. The word scheme makes excellent artillery as it is used to signify that the plan that Swift has is a clever plan and wasn’t just thought up over night. He also uses the word advantage throughout the text. â€Å"There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme†.(Swift 1) â€Å"Many other advantages might be enumerated.†(Swift 3) The word disadvantage cannot be found. Therefore  everyone has something to gain from the proposal and nothing will be lost. The word advantage is definite artillery, especially if you’re one of the wealthy people. They have nothing to loose and Swifts’ Proposal would benefit them entirely. It also creates satire; as for those who are not wealthy there is not an advantage except for only having to live in poverty for a shorter period of time, being able to contribute to society and for the general public, less beggars and homeless on the streets. Therefore the streets are cleaner, less hectic, not as crowded and just plain better. Works Cited Swift, Jonathon â€Å"A Modest Proposal† 75 Reading plue ed. Santi V. Buscemi, Charlotte Smith. McGraw-Hill. USA, 2000. www.dictionary.com

Types of Lies People Tell

TYPES OF LIES PEOPLE TELL Lies are part of human life. Nobody can deny that he or she has never lied before. Everybody lies. People start lying at around age 4 to 5 when they gain an awareness the power of language. Sometimes they can get away with lying, sometimes they can not. But everone knows that lying is a bad habit. Yet many people have no clue how big of a problem it is. Sadly, lying can become a destructive habit whatever your purpose is. According to the purpose to tell lies, they can be divided into three types; beneficial lies, spiteful lies , neutral lies.The first type of lies I find it good are beneficial lies. These lies usually mean to help and they are harmless that are meant to be tactful or polite. People prefer to tell it to protect the other people or not to make them unhappy. They help avoid hurt and sadness. For example, a father lie to the children that their beloved mother is living happily in heaven. People may think that this is a cheating, but they ought to praise these people who tell beneficial lies instead of criticizing them. The second type of lies are spiteful lies.These lies always mean to gain benefit and hurt people. People tell spiteful lies to protect themselves, look good,, gain financially or socially and avoid punishment. For example, as we usually see in supermarkets sellers lie to their customers to talk them into buying the fake foods. Their aims are only their personal gains, they do not care the other people. The third type of lies are neutral lies. These lies are just meant nothing and are much simpler. People tell these lies to not to Show their private things.For example, you asked a person about her private life or private things, she may avoid answering the truth by telling a lie. One hand, she does not want to share it with you, on the other hand she feels that she has to answer it, so she tells lie. Have you ever told any one of these lies? You may be able to lie for a while, but in the end it will come bac k to haunt you. It’s important to know that there is freedom in living and telling the truth. It may be difficult at first, but as we know, â€Å"The truth shall set you free. †

Analysis Vission and Mission of Coca-Cola Essay

In general, Coca-cola vision guides all members to understand what the company does, how it is done, and who it is done for also keeps the employees focused on the realistic goals of the firm, customers, investors, and other business partners. An effective vision should consists of two component which the first one is a cognitive component; which focuses on outcomes and how the best to achieve it, and the second component is affective component which will helps to motivate people and gain their commitment toward it( Boal and Hooijberg 2001). Base on Coca-cola vision statement show that they apply the affective component which increasing motivation and commitment among their employees, customers and business partners. The six P’s of Coca-cola vision which is People,, Portfolio, Partners, Planet, Profit and Productivity is the guideline to increase motivation and commitment. These six P’s also clearly mention the desirable future target for each component internally and externally of the firm, which is among people (employees), portfolio (product), partners (customers and suppliers), planet (moral obligation), profit and productivity. These visions also challenge all to participate and reach the organization goals. As a good vision, the internal (organizational beliefs and values) as well as external (shared understanding of the market environment) needs to be aligned. Besides, the Coca-cola vision statement also focuses on how the organizational members relate to the vision and shared each others. †¢People: Be a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. †¢Portfolio: Bring to the world a portfolio of quality beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy people’s desires and needs. †¢Partners: Nurture a winning network of customers and suppliers, together we create mutual, enduring value. †¢Planet: Be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by helping build and support sustainable communities. †¢Profit: Maximize long-term return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. †¢Productivity: Be a highly effective, lean and fast-moving organization This is a good sample of vision statement because it’s not too specific and realistic to achieve by all their members. This vision statement also encourages all members to participate in achieve the vision.

World's Fair Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World's Fair - Assignment Example These ideas manifested as planning to which the author refers to as usable future. In authors view, the theme of the fair was a new concept; he urges the reader to believe that what was being offered to the viewers was nothing more than fantasy. Fantasy was presented to the viewers to allow them to imagine and accept it as reality. Once accepted as reality, fantasy tends to arouse the desire to seek for what is being offered. Fantasy was presented in various forms; at some places it took the form of solutions to their problems while at other places the purpose was to highlight their cultural prospects. Referring to the modern art, the author asserts that there are two basic mental processes that give rise to the various forms of art whether abstract or other. Geography which follows logic as its central theme and conforms to the rational understandings of humans. Geomancy on the other hand is the product of exposure to inner experiences while following an "arbitrarily permitted number of variables". This assumption may be true for some kinds of arts, yet may not be applicable to all art forms. In authors view, geometry is appealing since it only has to be "internally logical"; while geomancy is tempting as it engages the role of viewer along with the artist to bring out something positive - clearly surpassing the limits set by logic. While talking about the relative success of geometry and geomancy the author is of the view that geometry has in influence far more prominent than geomancy. The reason for this is the fact that modern day consumers have lost their ability to appreciate the sensitive aspects of art which highlight things like "feeling, emotion, intuition and manticism". Since geometry depicts the creativity in measurable and logical manner and inhabitants of the modern world are tuned to follow and understand such presentations – geometry is more successful in art

Acid mine drainage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Acid mine drainage - Essay Example Authorities reported about the river passing by the spoil becoming orange. A comparison between the analysed levels of the pH of the site to determine the source of contamination based on the Acid generating Potential and the Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC) which is calculated directly by adding acid to a slurry of the spoil until the pH falls below some specified value (often pH 4.5) is expressed directly as meq (of acid added) per kg (of sample used). This analysis will help to pin point the source of acid mine, whether it is coming from the spoil heap or mine adit. This information can be used to devise remediation measures in order to reduce the damage on the environment-river pollution. Knowledge of acid mine drainage is not only significant to authorities tasked with environmental protection but also to consultancy agencies in acid mine drainage. Lastly, mining companies need to reduce the damage to the environment by employing technologies for proper treatment of their discha rges. Wetlands engineering can reduce the damages of acid mine aquatic plants and animals. It is theorized that building wetlands can mitigate AMD pollution and have lower or no future operations and maintenance costs.Acid mine drainage can be defined as both ground and surface waters of pH is ≠¤ 4.5. The Acid mine drainage is mainly caused by the oxidation reaction of surface waters with pyrite containing rocks or ores. Sulphate is found almost everywhere on this earth even in natural fresh waters (Drever, 1997). It is usually the second or third most abundant anion in rainwater, where it is derived both from natural aquatic sources and from atmospheric pollution - the sulphur component of â€Å"acid rain† as a result of fossil fuel combustion. 1.01 Apart from human activities, pyrite oxidation also produces acidity, enhancing other weathering reactions. Such as, production of waters with very low pH and high sulphate concentration as a result of buffering the PH. Sulph ate available comes from many anthropogenic sources: they can be coming from farms and agricultural sources. Sulphate fertilizes could be chief source of such contaminants. Sometimes they can come from other cleaning agents agents; and industrial point emissions of sulphuric acid utilised in manufacturing. Main causes of AMD phenomena: 2.0 Understanding the geochemical reactions that generates AMD provides an insight into the three most important reagents that must present – Fe 3+, oxygen (O2) and water. Moreover, â€Å"runaway† AMD production needs Fe3+ dissolved in solution and the activity of different species of bacteria â€Å" Thiobacillus ferrooxidans† to catalyse the reactions ten thousands times. 2.01 In more details, pyrite is oxidised by the oxygen molecules dissolved in water

International trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

International trade - Essay Example Tariffs and quotas allow domestic industry to reap more profits than it would do under free trade. Pertinently tariffs and quotas are fairly transparent, when compared to other forms of trade interventions (Kenen, 2000: 177). However, loss to the economy and society from the protection of tariffs and quotas is higher as the loss to the consumers exceeds the gain of the producer. According to the US Department of Labor, protectionism destroys eight jobs in general economy for every one saved in the protected economy (Miller and Elwood, 1998). Free trade, on the other hand, encourages nations to manufacture only those commodities in which they have specialization thus creating more and better job opportunities. Cross-national trade, thus, makes the rates of goods more competitive and allows goods to be shipped and traded internationally. Tariffs and quotas decrease the choice of goods for the consumers and raise the cost of doing business. Trade protectionism impedes economic growth, a nd its costs are far higher than its benefits. Apparent similarities apart, there are major conceptual and practical differences between quotas and tariffs. There is a general non-equivalence between tariffs and quotas. Quotas restrict the import of commodities, into the home country, in a given period of time. Through a quota, a country directly decreases the import of goods. It is a protectionist regime employed to benefit a few importers, and producers, of a particular commodity. Quota can also be referred to as the quantitative restriction on the import of goods. Kenen (2000:176) argues that quotas also provide an absolute limitation on the volume of imports. There can be a total ban of import of quantities exceeding the quota or they can be subject to a high duty rate. Transparency in the quota system is far less than that in tariff system. Normally, quotas are allocated without any

Role of Set Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of Set Design - Essay Example that the design has the ability to suggest the style and tone of the entire production, create the mood and atmosphere of the action, give an idea of the specific time and place that the action occurs and offer creative possibilities for the movement and grouping of the actors. This paper will therefore discuss the role of set design in the Le Jour se Leve film production basing on the remarks made by Bazin. In this film, Bazin identifies different components of set design that were used in Le Jour se Leve. Bazin identifies that film is impeccable in that its representation of symbolism does not take precedence over its realism, instead the one complements the other. Carnà © uses set design appropriately to analyze various specific items and materials that comprise the architecture and furniture that were used. Bazin also brings out a considerate analysis of the relationship between imagery and pragmatism. However, the constructed sets that Bazin prefers rather than the definite locations controverts his remarks concerning complementary balance. Consequently, Bazin points out that since it is often used in close ups, role of glass was apparent. He argues that the glass had three main qualities. The principles are its transparency which develops faith in the audience, its deceptiveness that separates the audience from the actor and its drama that is brought up by the ignorance of the transparent glass by the audience. This is so since ignoring the glass would lead to its breakage and disaster. The balance created between transparency and deceit denotes not only the connection between the different characters in the play but also between the structure of the plot of the film and the audience. For example, Valentin controls Francois at various instances, she even tells him that he is the father of the child after all the other men had been involved with her. Bazin identifies that the film uses flashbacks and manipulates the viewers. This film thus generates a proper

Research Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Analysis - Assignment Example st establish those patients who lack self-care confidence and then direct more effort towards building self-care confidence in them using specific education interventions. The introduction/background section provided by Britz and Dunn (2010) does not formally introduce the research question. However, after carefully exploring the introduction, this paper was able to establish the research question, which is: In this article, Britz and Dunn (2010) formally presented the hypothesis. The author asserts that those patients with heart failure and who demonstrates self-care ability are expected to improve their healthcare outcomes. This hypothesis emanates from both previous studies as well as the model used in this study. Since it is a qualitative research, the researcher developed the hypothesis using grounded theory. The use of qualitative approaches provided a platform that researchers in various disciplines borrowed to complete work effectively. Qualitative approaches identify research issues without subjectivity. For instance, using such techniques, a case is looked at individually and therefore, it is possible to make accurate conclusions. Understanding of complex human systems such as the family and communities has grown due to the benefits accrued from qualitative methods. Certain patterns of behavior have been described and based upon these patterns of behavior, action could be take n. Grounded theory refers to a theory routed in data. The researcher interprets the raw data and then, through systematic analysis creates a theory. Grounded theory is derived from four central criteria: fit, understanding, generality and control. Fit occurs when the theory fits the substantive data. In other words, the theory must be based upon the presence of valid data. Understanding occurs when the theory is comprehensible by all researchers involved in the study. Generality occurs when the presented theory is applicable within a variety of contexts. Control entails the

Article Critique Essay Example for Free

Article Critique Essay The author of this article is a Canadian who has raised the alarm on the increasing number poverty stricken people hence springing up of ghettos in big cities. The author rhetorically is asking a question whether there are ghettos in Canadian cities. The author is coming up with many ghetto synonyms but yet they are of not the same meaning. The name like enclave sound more ethnical and it has been described as a grouping of people from the same ethnic group living in a low income earning or a poor neighbourhood. The article pinpoints that in the year 2001 families residing in high poverty levels doubled the year 1981. The message in the article is directed to the authorities in these cities to get warned of a looming crisis and look for ways to alter the trend. The message is not has to any group that it mentions that is the people from the enclaves and the ghettos. The article has outlined many causes of ghettos in Canadian cities. Poverty has been rated as the number one cause and this article gives figures from the research to substantiate its claim. The exact time is given when immigration policy of Canada was changed and the change swung Canada into a cultural and social crisis or socio cultural crisis. According to the authorities and the research that has been carried out immigration puts Canadian cities on spotlight of having many poor neighbourhoods. The author also makes a comparison between Canadian and American cities whereby Canadian cities are going more enclave than ghettos in America. In American cities the traditional definition of a ghetto is a residential district that concentrates racial Enclave tends to collect people of the same ethnic background together while ghettos collect poor people from various ethnic backgrounds. In both cases, people involved are affected by poverty and low income level. From one of the researches that have been done, the article reveals that an alarm was raised about the growth of neighbourhood poverty in Canada. The article pinpoints groups of people who make up the population who end up to the ghettos. Their background is partly covered by poverty and the article further expose that these are immigrants from Asia, Africa, West Indies and Latin America. The research that was conducted showed that between 1971 and 2001 is the period when the majority of the Canadian population was born in the back mentioned countries. Nevertheless, some cities like London there are no ghettos and this is due to the efforts of the councils. However, I take the article head to mention that it does not clearly outline and show the consequences of the increasing population in ghettos and mushrooming of ghettos and enclaves. In many a times these nighbourhoods have been associated with crime and drugs. Does is it mean the researches that were conducted didn’t capture these common phenomenon that is associated with ghettos? Furthermore, the article does not highlight any ways that have been adopted to combat the expanding ghettos and enclaves without necessarily disrupting the social cultural set of these people in the ghettos. Reference: Walks, A. R. Bourney, L. S. (2006). The Canadian Geographer Publication:

Essentials of Tourism and Hospitality Operations

Essentials of Tourism and Hospitality Operations Assignment title: Essentials of tourism and Hospitality operations Introduction The dynamism around the world has many reasons. Tourism organizations are working in order to make all corners of the world easy to visit. The globalization as defined by Scholte J. (2000),†A world wide process of spreading objects and experiences to people at all the corners of the earth (e.g. spreading computing, television, etc.)†, lead the tourism to merge. A hotel is an organization that plays a major role in the tourism and hospitality operations. It has several departments with specific roles. Examples of these are: Front office, food and beverage, housekeeping, maintenance and security. All these departments work together, for the guest to have a good stay. This team work contributes to make more profit for the hotel. States Huyssten et al (2001) This assignment is focus on the front office and housekeeping and based on researches from different writers and the pepper club hotel. Pepper club is a five star hotel located into Cape Town on 167, loop street. Pepper club has 210 bedrooms, a fitness room, an Odeon cinema, a bar called paparazzi, a restaurant called Sinatra, penthouse with swimming pool. Pepper club hotel is not far from the wonderful table mountain. Their future plans are to develop all the sectors of the hotel. Hassanien et al (2010) recommends that a hotel should consider updating facilities and all the sectors of the hotel. The front office The front office is the front of the house. This is the department that welcomes the guest and helps him for checking in and out. The front office manager is responsible of all the activities in the front office and for training all the workers in this department. In order to maintain the standard, he has to make sure of selecting good personnel, easy to be trained and quick learners. This people should work with high manners and behaviors in a professionalism way. Gillespie (2007). Many services are organized in the front office, such as reception, switchboard, reservation, concierge, potter, casher and guest relation. The same, as listed, at pepper club, these are the services organized in front office. But at pepper club, the potter is working under the concierge and it is called concierge and pottering. Reception A receptionist is the person who is handling guest’s check-in and giving him information about the entire department in the hotel. â€Å"A well-functioning reception gives the guest a good impression of the hotel. This helps to establish the hotel’s image and reputation, as well as to encourage the guest to return in the future†.page107, Baker et al (1994). Being the first person to meet the guests on checking in or when he/she walks in for any information, the receptionist should be able to give a good impression to the guest with a nice smile, a tone of voice, though the first impression last. Baker et al (1998) At pepper club, the reception is the first service to interact with the guest when arriving at the hotel. The main duties are: welcoming and checking-in of a new arrival, selling the facilities of the hotel, providing guest information for other services of the front office and other departments of the hotel. For a group arrival, at pepper club, the reception has to prepare documentations that will be required by the guests. Envelopes are prepared with letters inside to explain facilities to the guests in the language they understand Switch board As similar to Kappa et al (1997), this is the controller of the calls from outside and sends them to the relevant department or room. The person working here should be able to listen and speak clearly to the phone and have a good telephone manner. At pepper club, the switchboard does the same. But it also help in switching calls from one service or department to another, in case, if the caller does not know the number of the relevant service or department. Reservation In the same idea with Henning, R. (2003), there are many ways of doing reservation. This can be done through internet (web site, e-mail, twitter, face book), telephone, fax, walk in. As we advertise the hotel we must be able to handle with reservations in any way that it comes to us. There for we should have trained personnel who can professionally handle it. According to Gillespie (2007), all the workers should behave professionally when doing their duties. There are procedures to follow to make a reservation, and these are the same for everyone. There are not special enquiries for any reservation. It is very imperative to have a reservation chart so we will not keep the guest waiting while we are busy looking for information to give him. â€Å"The most important administrative document is the reservation chart†. Henning, R. (2003) This should be checked to see if there are available rooms. Taylor, M. et al (1999) identifies two ways of making reservation, as follow: -Advance reservation: At pepper club the person working in this area makes bookings, deal with agencies and writes queries. In planning and preparing the guest’s needs, the advance reservation is preferable, because it gives you more time to do so. This idea is also supported by Taylor et al (1999). The reservation in advance is better because nothing will be in rush, you know already about the guest arrival and you expect him to arrive. If it comes that you find out about the reason of the guest’s trip, you will be able to prepare decoration for such event. For example a booking for a honey moon, I will organize a decor according to the event. -same day reservation: This kind of reservation should be handled with lots of care. States Whyte, S.(2006), some tourists arrive in town with nowhere to sleep and start to look for accommodation, calling here and there. A guest, who calls for same day reservation, should pay in advance and his referral source and preferences should be recorded. The person who’s doing reservation uses two types of reservation system. At pepper club they use the electronic system and the manual system. The electronic system used at pepper club is opera system, for any reservation on line. The manual system used at pepper club is the reservation chat. Hunters, G. et al (2010) states, â€Å"An operation system of reservation enquiries tracks availability and rates and provide management and supervisors with essential reports.† page 369 Check-in and out This will be explained according to the pepper club’s way. After arriving and entering inside the building, the guest has to present his/her passport. A registration card recorder will be given to him to fill up (home address, mobile number, etc†¦) and the receptionist will make a copy of it. After that he signs and binds himself to the rules of the hotel. The receptionist will ask the guest’s credit card for the credit card authorization for any extras or incident that can happen during his stay. The guest will always be accompanied to his room, by an associate. He will receive a call, from reception within 20 minutes of arrival. No guest will ever be roomed in unmade accommodation. Should there be early arrivals that cannot be accommodate immediately, areas will be arranged with coffee, tea, Danish, newspaper and the availability of telephones/email for the guest in the lounge area. On checking out all the bills will be printed and presented to the guest. If ther e is any change to give to the guest that will be ready, for the guest will not have to wait. Everything should be done the night before the departure day of the guest. The potter will carry the luggage from the room to the car. Concierge At pepper club the concierge is focus on all guest’s services, he is responsible of all the potters. The concierge is locating the guest sites to visit, organizing transport, he also get all the deliveries for the guest from outside. Huyssten et al (2001) identifies that, the concierge is the person who links the guest to the outside services, such as tourism agencies. Being, in charge of the guest satisfaction, he consults to make itinerary. Potter At pepper club, the potter is working under the concierge but having specific duties such as: caring the luggage for the guest to and from the room. Rooming the guest when he checks- in. Huyssten et al (2001) support this idea saying, when the guest is checking out, the potter has to make sure that the guest did not forget anything behind and he should check the room if there is any damage and report to the reception. If the guest booked the hotel’s car, the potter is the one who will be in charge to go with the car and the guest from the airport. Cashiering At pepper club, the cashier is dealing with all the cash in the hotel. He also deal with end of shift, balance the total cash, credit card transaction and foreign currency. Huyssten et al (2001) share the same idea with pepper club, saying that, he closes the specific transactions taken for the day and get generally get checked to see it balances. Guest relation At pepper club, the guest relation is the guest assistance provider. He gets closer to the guest, provides assistance for him, sold guest’s problems and make the guest feel comfortable offering him personal service. Denney et al (2007) says, to provide assistance he has to know the guest’s preference, request, there for, programs can be designed, where by all guest’s requests, preference, will be logged. The link The link between the front office and other department is to make each department aware about what is happening or what is going to happen about the guest’s need, concern and what he expect from the hotel. Because each department has got responsibilities, for the guest to have a good stay. The food and beverage for example, has to know about the arrival to prepare food and drink according to the number and preference if there is any. The room service should also be kept in touch, for; the guest can request any service in the room. If it is about fixing anything the maintenance should be aware. Huyssten et al (2001) identifies that, the front office is the link between the guest and all the departments. Guest cycle The front office department has got large responsibilities to support guest’s services. There for the front office operations are largely defined by the type and number of transactions made during different stages of the guest’s stay. As mentioned by Baker et al (1994), a typical stay will be divided into 4 stages: pre-arrival, arrival, occupancy and departure. At pepper club the guest cycle is considered as the guest journey through the hotel, from the reservation (pre-arrival), arrival (check-in), occupancy (enjoying), to departure (check-out). Agreeing with 4 phases of the guest cycle, but after departure, still the hotel will follow up to know about the feedback. Did he enjoy his stay in our hotel? I will suggest a fifth phase which is the feedback. Methods of payment The method of payment is the way which the guest handles his payment through. There are different methods of payment. Each guest has his way of payment which is easy or possible for him. Some of these methods are: cash, credit cards, travelers’ cheques, cheques, credit facilities, travel agency voucher. Huyssten et al (2001) This applies also at pepper club, this methods of payment are experienced in the same way. Daily banking According to the pepper club way, all charges, postings, payments dealt with during the shift must balance with opera. At the end of the day, the audit casher closes the baking but before that he/she has to check all the balances on opera. Housekeeping Keeping the house is to maintain it in a good state. The housekeeping plays a major role to develop the economy of the hotel. By keeping the establishment and all the furniture clean, the housekeeping saves as many costs as possible. Branson, Lennox (1998) Role of the housekeeping The role is basically, cleaning and maintaining the standard. Make sure that all the public areas are clean. Branson, Lennox (1998) states, in any establishment, the housekeeping is the department that works to make people feel comfortable staying in the building. At pepper club the housekeeping should service daily the suites, during late morning and early afternoon or at the guest convenience. Essential high quality toiletries will be provided and the turn down service will be prepare in the early evening. An overnight laundry service will be also offered. A daily pre-shift meeting will be held by the executive housekeeper. This will cover the previous day’s inspections, cleaning procedures, wearing of uniforms and guest relations. Furniture As the hotel is receiving guests from different background, countries and cultural traditions, each guest should be comfortable to stay in our hotel. Henning et al (1999) states that, â€Å"furnishing should look comfortable and welcoming, so that guests can feel that they can relax there. Use as much upholstered furniture as possible.† All furniture should be according to the standard of the hotel and the status of the room where the item will be used. I agree with Branson, Lennox (1998) saying, it will be very important that the item should be easily movable. Cleanliness Cleaning is to maintain the good state of the house hygienically and by appearance. Cleaning keeps the house and all the furniture against deterioration. For all the linen used in different sectors in the hotel, the housekeeping is responsible of keeping them clean and ready to be used. In the same idea with Branson, Lennox (1998), kitchen, bar, restaurant, banqueting, etc, the supervisor or manager of these relevant sectors should keep a happy atmosphere between him and the housekeeper to ensure that all the linens are exchanged on time. What happen at pepper club is the suites will be serviced daily, during late morning and early afternoon or at the guest convenience. Essential high quality toiletries will be provided and the turn down service will be prepare in the early evening. The hotel will also offer an overnight laundry service. *Turndown All suites must be serviced nightly; bed turned down with sheet folded, on the entry side, at a 450angle. Curtains closed, one or two lamp turned one according to the procedure. Room attendant to replace all dirty towels with clean ones, toilet articles rearranged, toilet papers refolded. Bath to be cleaned, friction towels placed on floor at each bedside, gowns and good night amenity placed at bedside, any loose clothing or shoes should neatly folded and hung in closet, fresh ice should be brought in and placed in room with mineral water and fresh lemon slice. The turn down service will not start before 7:00 pm. *laundry and valet As an extra added service to the hotel, pressing is to be made available throughout the day. This service is available seven days a week with the quickest possible return. As a guest will be taken to his/her suite on arrival, the associate will ask if there is any immediate pressing to be done and take some to the valet. Guest pressing will be done immediately. Suits and dresses are to be returned in wicker baskets with a paper inlay. *Public rest rooms They must be checked every 15 minutes by the public areas attendant, as the hotel is also judged by the rest rooms. Both hand cloths and paper cloths will be provided. *Pool procedures The houseman will arrange and rearrange, however necessary, throughout the day, the pool area as uniform as possible. He will clean the pool before it opens in the morning and at the close in the evening. The pool area will be policed during the day for cigarette butts, paper container, etc. The houseman will arrange lounge chairs for guests and ensure necessary towels are available. At night he will leave the pool deck thoroughly clean and rearrange the furniture as per standard set-up. Magazines, lotions, tanning oils, sunglasses, baseball caps with logo will be available for sale. Inspection To inspect is to control if the level of the cleaning performance reaches the standard. Though a cleaning schedule should be designed to specify who is doing what, when and how. For Henning (2007), the supervisor or the executive housekeeper will check-up to appreciate or correct if necessary. Security To secure is to keep out of danger. In a hotel, it is very important for all the staff to mind the security, as it is not only one person’s matter. Danger could come from any sector, so everyone working in the hotel should be able to report suspicious movement or any hazard around the building. â€Å"Security is not the prerogative of any one person in an establishment †¦Staff should realized the necessity of not giving information regarding internal matters†.page54 Branson, Lennox (1998) Conclusion Economic, politic, religious, social, cultural, etc, these may be reason of the dynamism around the world. Spreading objects and experiences to people at all the corners of the world, makes people move around. Our assignment was showing a good welcoming procedures, to people visiting our place. From different writers and the pepper club hotel, we can understand the major role of the hotel within tourism and hospitality operations. One of its departments was subject of our studies. We are so glad finishing explaining and describing the front office and housekeeping and their role within a hotel. We are great full to the pepper club hotel staff for their assistance which was very helpful. It could be difficult for us to complete this assignment without their help. All the ideas in this assignment did not come from us, the books we red from different writers were also very helpful. References -Baker, S., Bradley, P. and Huyton, J. (1994) Principles of front office operations: Hospitality press, Australian edition, London -Baker, S., Bradley, P. and Huyton, J. (1998) Principles of front office operations: Hospitality press pty ltd, Australian Material, London -Baker, K. and Huyton, J. (2001) Hospitality Management and Introduction: Hospitality press, LOndon -Denney, G., Rutherford, Ph., D., Micheal, J. and O’fallon (2007) Hotel Management and Operations, 4th edition, John Wiley and sons inc., London -Clayton, W., Barrows and Powers, T. (2009) Introduction to the hospitality industry, 7th edition, John Wiley and sons inc. Amazon, USA -Henning, R., Koster, C. and Wilense, C.(1999)Your own guest house, J.L. Van Shaik publishers. -Hunters, G., Tinton, T. and Mannall, C. (1999) Hospitality supervision level 3 S/NVQ, Cengage learning EMEA, LOndon -Taylor, M. and Taylor, R. (1999) Start and run a bed and breakfast: Self-consil press, London -Whyte, S. (2006) Starting and running a BB : How to books, London -Henning, R. (2004) Effective guest house management : Juta co ltd Cape Town -Kappa, M., M., Nitschke, A. and Shappert, B., P (1997) Housekeeping management: American hotel and lodging association .Canada -Branson, J., C. and Lennox, M. (1998)Hotel, hostel and hospital housekeeping : copyright Joan C. Branson and Margaret Lennox -Henning, R. (2007) Guest house management : Juta co ltd, Cape Town -Hassanien, A., Dale, C. and Clarke, A. (2010) Hospitality business development: Ahmed, H., Crispin D. Alan C. published by elsivier ltd, London -Gillespie, A. (2007) Shutters hospitality studies: Shutter shooter publishers Pty, Ltd, Pietermaritzburg area, South Africa. -Huyssten, H., V., Nanny, R., Diedericks, T., Steyn, M. and Steynberg, M. (2001) Hotel-keeping and catering to day: Nasou, Cape Town Suzi , Mujingila CTH no. 76480 Front office and Housekeeping. [Type text]Page 1